Consenso Delphi sobre el diagnóstico y manejo de la dislipidemia en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica: análisis post-hoc del estudio DIANA / Delphi consensus on the diagnosis and management of dyslipidaemia in chronic kidney disease patients: A post hoc analysis of the DIANA study

Antecedentes y objetivos: Este estudio post hoc analizó la percepción de la importancia de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en el cribado de la dislipidemia y en la elección del tratamiento con estatinas entre médicos de Atención Primaria (MAP) y otras especialidades mediante cuestionario Delphi. Métodos: El cuestionario incluyó 4 bloques de preguntas alrededor del paciente dislipémico con alteración del metabolismo hidrocarbonado. Aquí se presentan los resultados relacionados con la consideración de la ERC en el cribado y la elección de la estatina. Resultados: De los 497 expertos incluidos, el 58% eran MAP y el 42%, especialistas (35, el 7%, nefrólogos). Hubo consenso en realizar un cribado de la dislipidemia en los pacientes con ERC, sin diferencias entre MAP y especialistas; y también en realizar el cribado en la práctica clínica habitual. Sin embargo, no se alcanzó el consenso en considerar el filtrado glomerular estimado (aunque sí entre MAP y nefrólogos) o la albuminuria en la elección de la estatina, ni en su determinación durante el seguimiento después de instaurar un tratamiento con estatinas (aunque hubo consenso entre nefrólogos). Conclusiones: El consenso en analizar el perfil lipídico en los pacientes con ERC indica el reconocimiento del alto riesgo cardiovascular de esta enfermedad. La ausencia de acuerdo en considerar la función renal o la albuminuria, tanto en la elección de la estatina como durante el seguimiento, indica un conocimiento limitado de las diferencias entre estatinas en relación con la ERC, por lo que sería deseable disponer de una guía/documento de consenso sobre uso de estatinas en la ERC (AU)

Background and objectives: This post hoc study analysed the perception of the relevance of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dyslipidaemia screening and the choice of statin among primary care physicians (PCPs) and other specialists through a Delphi questionnaire. Methods: The questionnaire included 4 blocks of questions concerning dyslipidaemic patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism. This study presents the results of the impact of CKD on screening and the choice of statin. Results: Of the 497 experts included, 58% were PCPs and 42% were specialists (35, 7% were nephrologists). There was consensus by both PCPs and specialists, with no difference between PCPs and specialists, that CKD patients should undergo a dyslipidaemia screening and that the screening should be part of routine clinical practice. However, there was no consensus in considering the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (although there was consensus among PCPs and nephrologists), or considering albuminuria when selecting a statin, or in determining albuminuria during follow-up after having initiated treatment with statins (although there was consensus among the nephrologists). Conclusions: The consensus to analyse the lipid profile in CKD patients suggests acknowledgment of the high cardiovascular risk of this condition. However, the lack of consensus in considering renal function or albuminuria, both when selecting a statin and during follow-up, suggests a limited knowledge of the differences between statins in relation to CKD. Thus, it would be advisable to develop a guideline/consensus document on the use of statins in CKD (AU)

Delphi consensus on the diagnosis and management of dyslipidaemia in chronic kidney disease patients: A post hoc analysis of the DIANA study. / Consenso Delphi sobre el diagnóstico y manejo de la dislipidemia en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica: análisis post-hoc del estudio DIANA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This post hoc study analysed the perception of the relevance of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dyslipidaemia screening and the choice of statin among primary care physicians (PCPs) and other specialists through a Delphi questionnaire. METHODS: The questionnaire included 4blocks of questions concerning dyslipidaemic patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism. This study presents the results of the impact of CKD on screening and the choice of statin. RESULTS: Of the 497 experts included, 58% were PCPs and 42% were specialists (35, 7% were nephrologists). There was consensus by both PCPs and specialists, with no difference between PCPs and specialists, that CKD patients should undergo a dyslipidaemia screening and that the screening should be part of routine clinical practice. However, there was no consensus in considering the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (although there was consensus among PCPs and nephrologists), or considering albuminuria when selecting a statin, or in determining albuminuria during follow-up after having initiated treatment with statins (although there was consensus among the nephrologists). CONCLUSIONS: The consensus to analyse the lipid profile in CKD patients suggests acknowledgment of the high cardiovascular risk of this condition. However, the lack of consensus in considering renal function or albuminuria, both when selecting a statin and during follow-up, suggests a limited knowledge of the differences between statins in relation to CKD. Thus, it would be advisable to develop a guideline/consensus document on the use of statins in CKD.

Hiperglucemia secundaria a consumo de cocaína y antipsicóticos atípicos / Hyperglycemia secondary to consumption of cocaine and atypical antipsychotic drugs

Tóxicos como la cocaína y fármacos como los antipsicóticos atípicos, entre los que se encuentra la olanzapina, se relacionan en ocasiones con la aparición de hiperglucemia. Mientras que la cocaína eleva la glucemia por la liberación de catecolaminas, los antipsicóticos atípicos actúan principalmente aumentando el apetito y el peso y desarrollando síndrome metabólico. Este último grupo de fármacos también tiene una actuación independiente de la ganancia ponderal o la adiposidad por la inhibición de la célula beta pancreática y la disminución de la acción periférica de la insulina. El caso expuesto describe la aparición de una hiperglucemia aguda grave, tras intento suicida con olanzapina y cocaína, en una mujer de 29 años que presentó, tras retirada del fármaco y ausencia de consumo de cocaína, normalización inmediata de la glucemia, sin diagnóstico posterior de diabetes mellitus (AU)

Drugs such as cocaine and atypical antipsychotic agents, such as olanzapine, are sometimes related to hyperglycemia. Where as cocaine raises plasma glucose through catecholamine release, atypical antipsychotic agents mainly increase appetite and induce weight gain and the development of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the latter group of drugs also act independently from weight gain oradiposity, due to inhibition of beta pancreatic cells and reduction of peripheral insulin action. We present the case of a 29-year-old non-diabetic woman with severe acute hyperglycemia in the context of a suicide attempt through intake of olanzapine and cocaine. After discontinuation of olanzapine and cocaine consumption, glycemia was immediately normalized without subsequent diagnosis of diabetes (AU)

Hyperglycemia secondary to consumption of cocaine and atypical antipsychotic drugs.

Drugs such as cocaine and atypical antipsychotic agents, such as olanzapine, are sometimes related to hyperglycemia. Whereas cocaine raises plasma glucose through catecholamine release, atypical antipsychotic agents mainly increase appetite and induce weight gain and the development of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the latter group of drugs also act independently from weight gain or adiposity, due to inhibition of beta pancreatic cells and reduction of peripheral insulin action. We present the case of a 29-year-old non-diabetic woman with severe acute hyperglycemia in the context of a suicide attempt through intake of olanzapine and cocaine. After discontinuation of olanzapine and cocaine consumption, glycemia was immediately normalized without subsequent diagnosis of diabetes.

[Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Spanish patients with established cardiovascular disease: CLYDIA study]. / Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular en España: estudio CLYDIA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Epidemiologic, cross-sectional, multicentre and national study. 1,342 evaluable patients were recruited by 95 physicians of primary care, cardiology, endocrinology and internal medicine. All patients had confirmed diagnosis of CVD (myocardial infarction, coronary disease, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease and/or peripheral vascular disease) and analytical data for the study of MS according to Adult Treatment Panel-III (MS identified as presence of at least 3 components: abdominal obesity, triglycerides > or = 150 mg/dl, high density lipoproteins-cholesterol < 40 mg/dl in men and < 50 mg/dl in women, blood pressure > 130/85 mmHg and fasting glucose > 110 mg/dl). RESULTS: 37% (n = 497) of patients presented MS, with a higher prevalence among women (51.5% versus 31.8%) (chi2 test, p < 0.0001). 58% of patients had abdominal obesity, 50.4% hyperglycemia, 39.7% hypertriglyceridemia, 34.4% low values of high density lipoproteins-cholesterol and 28% high blood pressure. Abdominal obesity (86.7%) and hyperglycemia (82.7%) were the most prevalent components among patients with MS. Previous ischaemic cerebrovascular disease was more prevalent among patients with MS (22.3% versus 17.5%) (chi2 test, p < 0.05), as well as family history of hypertension, diabetes, ischaemic cardiopathy and ischaemic cerebrovascular disease (49.1%, 46.3%, 41.1% and 27.5%) (chi2 test, p < 0.05). Patients with MS showed a higher probability of suffering cardiac event in the next 10 years (25.3% vs. 17.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MS among Spanish population with CVD is high, specially among women.

Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular en España: estudio CLYDIA / Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Spanish patients with established cardiovascular disease: CLYDIA study

Fundamento y objetivo: El propósito del presente estudio ha sido evaluar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico (SM) y de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). Pacientes y método: Se ha realizado un estudio epidemiológico, transversal, multicéntrico y nacional. Un total de 95 profesionales de atención primaria, cardiología, endocrinología y medicina interna incluyeron a 1.342 pacientes valorables con diagnóstico clínico de ECV (infarto de miocardio, enfermedad coronaria, enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica y/o enfermedad vascular periférica) y determinaciones analíticas para establecer el posible diagnóstico de SM según los criterios del Adult Treatment Panel-III (presencia de al menos 3 de los siguientes componentes: obesidad abdominal, triglicéridos >= 150 mg/dl, colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad 130/85 mmHg y glucemia en ayunas > 110 mg/dl). Resultados: El 37% (n = 497) de la población presentaba SM, con una prevalencia mayor entre las mujeres (el 51,5 frente al 31,8%) (prueba de la *2, p < 0,0001). Un 58,0% de los pacientes presentaba obesidad abdominal; un 50,4%, hiperglucemia; un 39,7%, hipertrigliceridemia; un 34,4%, concentraciones bajas de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad, y un 28%, presión arterial alta. La obesidad abdominal (86,7%) y la hiperglucemia (82,7%) fueron también los componentes más prevalentes en la población con SM. Los antecedentes de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica fueron más prevalentes en pacientes con SM (el 22,3 frente al 17,5%) (prueba de la *2, p < 0,05), así como los antecedentes familiares cardiovasculares en general: hipertensión, diabetes, cardiopatía isquémica y accidente vascular cerebral/accidente isquémico transitorio (el 49,1, el 46,3, el 41,1 y el 27,5%, respectivamente) (prueba de la *2, p < 0,05). Los pacientes con SM mostraron mayor probabilidad de sufrir un evento cardíaco en los 10 años siguientes (un 25,3 frente al 17,4%). Conclusiones: La población española con ECV presenta elevada prevalencia de SM, especialmente en mujeres

Background and objective: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients and method: Epidemiologic, cross-sectional, multicentre and national study. 1,342 evaluable patients were recruited by 95 physicians of primary care, cardiology, endocrinology and internal medicine. All patients had confirmed diagnosis of CVD (myocardial infarction, coronary disease, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease and/or peripheral vascular disease) and analytical data for the study of MS according to Adult Treatment Panel-III (MS identified as presence of at least 3 components: abdominal obesity, triglycerides >= 150 mg/dl, high density lipoproteins-colesterol 130/85 mmHg and fasting glucose > 110 mg/dl). Results: 37% (n = 497) of patients presented MS, with a higher prevalence among women (51.5% versus 31.8%) (*2 test, p < 0.0001). 58% of patients had abdominal obesity, 50.4% hyperglucemia, 39.7% hypertriglyceridemia, 34.4% low values of high density lipoproteins-cholesterol and 28% high blood pressure. Abdominal obesity (86.7%) and hyperglucemia (82.7%) were the most prevalent components among patients with MS. Previous ischaemic cerebrovascular disease was more prevalent among patients with MS (22.3% versus 17.5%) (*2 test, p < 0.05), as well as family history of hypertension, diabetes, ischaemic cardiopaty and ischaemic cerebrovascular disease (49.1%, 46.3%, 41.1% and 27.5%) (*2 test, p < 0.05). Patients with MS showed a higher probability of suffering cardiac event in the next 10 years (25.3% vs. 17.4%). Conclusions: The prevalence of MS among Spanish population with CVD is high, specially among women